Alternatives to Animal Testing

Interest of scientists has been deviating since 20th century, from the use of animals in
their experimental work towards substituting with ‘Alternatives', thus reducing the use
of live animals in experiments. This ‘Alternative' concept is principally the
‘Replacement' alternative that was indicated in the book; ‘The Principles of Humane
Experimental Technique' written by Russell and Burch in 1959. Although many
methods of replacement have been developed and used by researchers, most of these
are not absolute replacement models. As absolute replacement models should not
involve whole animals and animal tissues, in many instances models used by
researchers are relative. Relative replacement models include lower vertebrates,
invertebrates or animals having lower level of sentience and tissues, cells, sera and
embryos etc. of animal origin. These relative replacement models of course reduce or
prevent the use of conscious living vertebrates
[Singapore: 2019]

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